Pharyngitis

Definition

Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back of the throat, leading to a sore throat. It is commonly caused by infections (viral or bacterial) or irritants.

Causes

• Viral infections (most common): e.g., common cold viruses, influenza, Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis), adenovirus.

• Bacterial infections: most notably Group A Streptococcus (causes strep throat).

• Irritants: smoke, pollution, dry air, allergens.

• Other causes: fungal infections (rare), trauma, or chronic inflammation.

Symptoms

• Sore throat (pain, scratchiness)

• Difficulty swallowing

• Redness/swelling of the throat

• Fever (common in bacterial causes)

• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

• White patches or pus on the tonsils (especially in strep throat)

• Hoarseness or loss of voice

• Cough, runny nose (more common in viral pharyngitis)

Types of Pharyngitis

1. Viral Pharyngitis

   • Usually milder symptoms

   • Often accompanied by cold-like symptoms (cough, runny nose)

2. Bacterial Pharyngitis

   • More severe throat pain

   • Fever > 101°F (38.3°C)

   • Swollen lymph nodes

   • Absence of cough (helps differentiate from viral)

3. Chronic Pharyngitis

   • Long-lasting sore throat due to ongoing irritation or allergies

Diagnosis

• Clinical examination (throat inspection, palpation of lymph nodes)

• Rapid antigen detection test (for strep throat)

• Throat culture (gold standard for bacterial detection)

• Blood tests if systemic symptoms or other causes suspected

Treatment

General/Supportive Treatment (All types)

• Rest and hydration

• Warm salt water gargles

• Throat lozenges or sprays

• Pain relievers: acetaminophen or ibuprofen

• Avoid irritants (smoke, pollution)

Specific Treatment

• Viral pharyngitis: No antibiotics; symptomatic care only

• Bacterial pharyngitis (Strep throat): Antibiotics (usually penicillin or amoxicillin)

• Chronic pharyngitis: Avoid irritants, treat allergies, possibly steroids in some cases

Complications (if untreated, especially bacterial)

• Rheumatic fever

• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

• Peritonsillar abscess

• Spread of infection to nearby tissues

Prevention

• Good hand hygiene

• Avoid sharing utensils or drinks

• Avoid close contact with infected people

• Cover mouth while coughing or sneezing