Ovarian Cyst Overview

Definition:
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or inside an ovary. They are common and usually form during the menstrual cycle.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

1. Functional Cysts

   • Most common type

   • Includes follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts

   • Usually harmless and often resolve on their own

2. Pathological Cysts

   • Include dermoid cysts, cystadenomas, and endometriomas

   • Can be benign or malignant (rarely cancerous)

Symptoms

• Often asymptomatic

• Pelvic pain or discomfort

• Bloating or abdominal fullness

• Irregular menstrual cycles

• Pain during intercourse or bowel movements

• Occasionally, severe pain if cyst ruptures or causes ovarian torsion

Causes

• Hormonal imbalances affecting ovulation

• Endometriosis

• Pregnancy-related cysts

• Severe pelvic infections

Diagnosis

• Pelvic ultrasound (most common)

• Physical pelvic exam

• Blood tests (e.g., CA-125 for cancer markers if needed)

• MRI or CT scan (if further imaging required)

Treatment

• Observation: Most cysts disappear on their own within a few menstrual cycles

• Medications: Hormonal contraceptives may prevent new cysts

• Surgery: Required if cyst is large, persistent, causing symptoms, or suspicious for malignancy

  • Laparoscopy or laparotomy to remove cyst or ovary if necessary

Complications

• Rupture causing severe pain and internal bleeding

• Ovarian torsion cutting off blood supply

• Rarely, malignancy

Prevention & Monitoring

• Regular pelvic exams

• Monitoring cysts via ultrasound if recurrent

• Managing underlying conditions like hormonal imbalances or endometriosis