Definition

Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing the core body temperature to drop below 35°C (95°F). It can impair organ function and, if untreated, can be fatal.

Causes

• Exposure to cold weather without adequate clothing.

• Falling into cold water (lakes, rivers, oceans).

• Prolonged exposure to cool indoor environments without heating.

• Inadequate heating in the elderly or infants.

• Alcohol or drug use, which impairs thermoregulation.

• Medical conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism, stroke) affecting heat production or retention.

Symptoms

Mild Hypothermia (32–35°C or 89.6–95°F)

• Shivering

• Cold, pale skin

• Fatigue

• Confusion

• Slurred speech

Moderate Hypothermia (28–32°C or 82.4–89.6°F)

• Violent shivering or cessation of shivering

• Increased confusion or irrational behavior

• Muscle stiffness

• Slowed heart rate and breathing

Severe Hypothermia (<28°C or <82.4°F)

• Unconsciousness

• Very slow or absent pulse and breathing

• Dilated pupils

• Risk of cardiac arrest

Types

• Acute Hypothermia: Rapid loss of body heat, typically from immersion in cold water.

• Chronic Hypothermia: Gradual heat loss, common in the elderly or those with poor heating.

• Induced Hypothermia: Medically induced to reduce metabolic rate during surgeries.

Risk Factors

• Infants and elderly

• Homelessness

• Mental illness

• Alcohol or drug intoxication

• Outdoor occupations or activities (e.g., hiking, fishing)

Diagnosis

• Core body temperature measurement (rectal thermometer for accuracy)

• Clinical evaluation based on symptoms

• ECG to detect heart rhythm abnormalities

Treatment

Immediate First Aid

• Move person to a warm, dry environment

• Remove wet clothing

• Use blankets or warm clothing for insulation

• Apply warm (not hot) compresses to neck, chest, or groin

• Offer warm, sweet drinks if the person is conscious

Medical Treatment

• Heated IV fluids

• Warmed, humidified oxygen

• Peritoneal or blood warming in severe cases

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if cardiac arrest occurs

Prevention

• Dress in layers; keep dry

• Wear hats, gloves, and thermal insulation in cold weather

• Avoid alcohol and drugs in cold environments

• Monitor elderly or vulnerable individuals during cold seasons

• Prepare properly for outdoor activities

Conclusion

Hypothermia is a serious but preventable condition. Prompt recognition and treatment are vital to prevent complications such as frostbite, organ failure, or death. Public awareness and proper preparation are key to managing risk.